Professor Thomas J. Hugh
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Research · Gallbladder polyps

Gallbladder polyps: when to treat

Gallbladder polyps are growths on the gallbladder lining, usually found on ultrasound. Most are small cholesterol-type polyps that are not cancerous. In low-risk patients, polyps under about 10 mm are often watched with repeat ultrasound at six to twelve months. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is usually discussed when a polyp reaches 10 mm, grows between scans, looks sessile or otherwise suspicious, or when gallstones cause symptoms alongside the polyp. A hepatobiliary surgeon tailors the plan to age, other health conditions, and patient preference.

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This page explains gallbladder polyps in plain language, alongside peer-reviewed work by Thomas J. Hugh and colleagues.

Plain-language patient guide→
/ 01Overview

What are gallbladder polyps and what causes them?

Gallbladder polyps are small projections from the gallbladder lining, most often cholesterol polyps that are benign. Causes are not always clear; they may coexist with gallstones or metabolic factors. True adenomatous polyps are less common but carry higher malignant potential, which is why size and growth matter on follow-up ultrasound.

Polyps are usually discovered incidentally when imaging is done for unrelated symptoms.

Hugh's 2001 Medicine Today article outlined how he stratifies patients with gallbladder polyps in everyday clinic practice.

/ 02Evidence

Do gallbladder polyps cause symptoms?

Most gallbladder polyps symptoms are absent. When present, discomfort may mimic biliary colic from gallstones rather than the polyp itself. Persistent right upper quadrant pain, jaundice, or weight loss warrant fuller investigation for other biliary disease, not polyps alone.

If you have pain, your surgeon will look for stones, sludge, or inflammation as well as the polyp.

Wennmacker and Hugh (2018) reviewed when symptoms should prompt earlier cholecystectomy versus surveillance.

/ 03Evidence

Are gallbladder polyps dangerous?

Small cholesterol polyps under about 10 mm in low-risk patients are usually not dangerous and can be monitored. Larger polyps, rapid growth, sessile morphology, or polyps in older patients raise concern for gallbladder cancer. The goal is to operate before invasive cancer develops, without removing every benign polyp.

Are gallbladder polyps dangerous? Risk is low for the majority, but not zero for large or growing lesions.

Tom Hugh's treat-or-not framework balances cancer prevention against the low risks of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

  • Often monitor: small, stable cholesterol-type polyps
  • Discuss surgery: size at or above 10 mm, growth on serial scans, or suspicious features
  • Always individualise: age, comorbidities, and patient preference matter
/ 04Evidence

Gallbladder polyps: treat or not to treat?

Gallbladder polyps treatment is laparoscopic cholecystectomy when criteria for concern are met. Asymptomatic small polyps may need repeat ultrasound at six to twelve months. Gallbladder polyps treat or not to treat decisions should involve a hepatobiliary or upper GI surgeon who also manages gallstones.

Hugh and Wennmacker's 2018 Medicine Today feature 'Gallbladder polyps: To treat or not to treat?' remains a practical reference for GPs and patients in Australia.

When surgery is advised, the same keyhole techniques described in Hugh's gallstones publications apply.

/ 05Evidence

How does follow-up ultrasound work for polyps?

Surveillance uses the same ultrasound that found the polyp, comparing size and number over time. Stable sub-10 mm lesions in low-risk patients may extend follow-up intervals. New symptoms or interval growth trigger surgical referral rather than indefinite scanning alone.

Thomas J. Hugh aligns polyp pathways with gallstone care at Royal North Shore and St Leonards rooms so GPs receive consistent letters.

/ 06Publications

Peer-reviewed publications by Thomas J. Hugh

The papers below are a selection of 72 papers from over 300 publications by Tom Hugh and collaborators, focused here on gallbladder polyps. Where a DOI or publisher link is available, it opens in a new tab so you can read the original research.
/ 07About the author

Who writes and operates from this evidence base?

Thomas J. Hugh is a specialist Upper GI and hepato-biliary surgeon and Chair of Surgery at the University of Sydney Northern Clinical School. He operates at Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private, with consultations at the Tom Reeve Academic Surgical Clinic in St Leonards.

Outcomes across his practice are tracked through the DASO audit unit. That combination of published research and prospective audit is intended to keep advice grounded in measured results, not marketing claims.

Read more about Tom Hugh→
/ 08Common questions

Some small cholesterol polyps can shrink or no longer be seen on ultrasound. Your surgeon will still interpret change in context of your full history rather than assuming the risk is gone.

No. Many never need surgery. Hugh's publications stress selective cholecystectomy based on size, growth, and patient factors.

Yes. Treatment is laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder, often as a day case or short stay, using the same recovery advice as for symptomatic stones.

/ 09Related reading

Other research topics

Reviewed by Professor Thomas J. Hugh, MBBS, FRACS, MD

Last reviewed 25 August 2026.

Last updated 25 August 2026